In modern photonics, one remarkable innovation stands out— photonic crystals , materials that manipulate the flow of light with unprecedented precision. By creating periodic variations in refractive index, photonic crystals can guide, filter, and trap light, laying the foundation for breakthroughs in telecommunications, sensing, and quantum technologies. 🧬 What Are Photonic Crystals? Photonic crystals are nanostructured materials with periodic dielectric patterns, similar to the atomic arrangement in crystals. This periodicity creates photonic bandgaps —ranges of light frequencies that cannot propagate through the material, analogous to electronic bandgaps in semiconductors. Depending on their dimensionality, photonic crystals are classified into: 1D Photonic Crystals: Alternating layers (e.g., Bragg mirrors) 2D Photonic Crystals: Periodic holes or rods in a slab 3D Photonic Crystals: Fully three-dimensional periodic structures 🔬 Principles and Working Mechanism T...
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